How to Clean Outdoor Mold & Mildew. Thoroughly water any plants near the area where you will be working. Protect larger plants by covering them with plastic sheeting. Add ⅓ cup Clorox ® Disinfecting Bleach to 1 gallon water in the 5 gallon bucket. For larger jobs, use 1 cup bleach added to 3 gallons of water.Mold growing outdoors on firewood. Molds come in many colors; both white and black molds are shown here. Molds are part of the natural environment. Outdoors, molds play a part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees, but indoors, mold growth should be avoided. Molds …Oct 1, 2019 ... The Takeaway. When it comes to mold removal, both bleach, and vinegar work. But there is no doubt that vinegar wins over bleach in the ...It's best to get rid of bathroom mold as soon as you spot it. Learn how to clean mold in the shower, on the ceiling, and on walls in your bathroom with bleach. More from Clorox experts. Kills 99.9% of. viruses & bacteria*. *When …Bleach and vinegar can both kill mold, but vinegar is much more effective for removing mold from porous materials. This is because bleach only kills mold spores on the surface of affected materials. Vinegar will penetrate porous materials and kill the mold at the roots. If you use bleach to remove mold growth, there is a good chance that the ...Bleach-Cleaning Concrete. To remove black mold from concrete walls, combine water and bleach in a spray bottle, shake it thoroughly, and spray it over the moldy areas on the wall. Let it sit for ten minutes as the bleach kills the mold, and use a stiff-bristled brush to scrub it away from the concrete.Mold exposure can contribute to health issues. If you have a mold allergy or chronic lung condition, you’re at risk of more severe symptoms and complications.Jul 28, 2014 · 7. Tea Tree Oil. This bleach alternative, otherwise known as melaleuca oil, is a natural essential oil with a wide variety of uses. It has been used in cosmetics to treat acne, infection and dandruff. As a bleach alternative, tea tree oil is a great-smelling way to disinfect and clean virtually any area of your home. Jan 17, 2024 · Zep Mold and Mildew Stain Remover at Amazon ($16) Jump to Review. Best Outdoor: Wet & Forget Mold and Mildew Stain Remover at Amazon ($33) Jump to Review. Best Bleach-Free: Moldex Mold Killer Spray at Home Depot ($9) Jump to Review. Best for Bathrooms: We will start by explaining the step by step to clean pavers with bleach: Prepare the solution diluting ½ cup bleach in 1 qt. warm water. Add 1 tsp liquid dish soap. This will help enhance the bleach’s ability to remove tough stains from the pavers and will help rinse away dirt. Pour the solution into a spray bottle and spray the pavers with ...However, when dealing with porous surfaces such as wood, fabric, or drywall, it's important to note that bleach may cause damage or discoloration, while vinegar may not penetrate deep into the pores to eliminate the mold completely. In such cases, it may be necessary to consider professional mold remediation services.So in terms of crawl spaces, yes you might kill the surface mold by applying bleach, but that water will soak into the wood and can actually feed the mold that ...Feb 28, 2020 · Vinegar truly is better than bleach at killing mold. The EPA does not recommend using bleach to kill or remove mold, except in special circumstances. In most cases, “a background level of mold spores will remain” after the application of bleach. “Bleach only kills surface mold, not the membrane underneath,” according to ServiceMaster. Bleach can make the mold worse. You may not think it but it is true, the structure of chlorine bleach prevents it from penetrating porous materials, like wood ...Watch this video to find out how to remove mold and mildew from the outside of your home using either a bleach solution or anti-microbial cleaning product. Expert Advice On Improvi...If it’s mildew instead of mold, use a bleach solution of 1:10 to get rid of the mold. People can use vinegar or a fungicide solution to get rid of mildew on their clothes and other things. Bleach doesn’t work for this. While bleach kills mold, it only works on non-porous surfaces.Fill an empty spray bottle with water ¾ of the way, and pour in a cup of bleach. Spray the mixture onto the surface with black mold and allow it to sit for 5 minutes, so it can soak into the mold. Using a scrub brush and a sponge (for surfaces you don’t want to risk scratching), clean the area until the mold is gone.You may have heard that making a bleach paste out of baking soda and bleach for mold is the best way to remove it, but experts caution that it can do more harm to your grout than good.Apr 5, 2023 ... In this video your will find out how to safely use white vinegar to remove mold from your home. Mold is a common problem in many homes, ...Start by measuring the water, then use a measuring cup or measuring spoons to add the correct amount of bleach. You need the correct ratio of bleach and water to kill germs. Use the 1500 ppm solution for general disinfection of many organisms (such as MRSA, E. coli, Staph, Salmonella + SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, Rhinovirus, Rotavirus).Sep 26, 2023 · Mold Cleanup. Who should do the cleanup depends on a number of factors. One consideration is the size of the mold problem. If the moldy area is less than about 10 square feet (less than roughly a 3 ft. by 3 ft. patch), in most cases, you can handle the job yourself, follow the Mold Cleanup Tips and Techniques. Jan 17, 2024 · Zep Mold and Mildew Stain Remover at Amazon ($16) Jump to Review. Best Outdoor: Wet & Forget Mold and Mildew Stain Remover at Amazon ($33) Jump to Review. Best Bleach-Free: Moldex Mold Killer Spray at Home Depot ($9) Jump to Review. Best for Bathrooms: Vinegar must have an acetic acid level of 4.0%−4.2% or higher to kill mold or mildew. Distilled white vinegar in the condiment aisle contains around 5% acetic acid and 95% water. Cleaning vinegar contains about 6% acetic acid. While vinegar will kill the mold, it is slow acting, and the discoloration and stains from …Feb 4, 2021 · Many people use bleach to get rid of mold in their homes. Even though bleach can be effective at cleaning mold off solid surfaces, prolonged exposure to bleach fumes can irritate your eyes, lungs ... Wipe dry with clean kitchen roll. 3. Spray and clean. Mix one part of white vinegar with one part water to create your own DIY mould killer. Spray directly onto the affected area and leave for one hour. Now scrub the area with a kitchen scourer and wipe clean with kitchen roll. METHOD 2. 1.Jan 17, 2024 · Zep Mold and Mildew Stain Remover at Amazon ($16) Jump to Review. Best Outdoor: Wet & Forget Mold and Mildew Stain Remover at Amazon ($33) Jump to Review. Best Bleach-Free: Moldex Mold Killer Spray at Home Depot ($9) Jump to Review. Best for Bathrooms: See full list on homesandgardens.com Bleach only treats the surface. It does not kill or eliminate airborne spores. Bleach is 3-6% Sodium Hypochlorite and 94% to 97% water. The Sodium Hypochlorite evaporates, leaving water behind to foster the growth of more mold. Bleach is ineffective and not recommended for use on porous surfaces such as concrete, wood, wallpaper, …The use of a biocide or a chemical that kills organisms such as mold (chlorine bleach, for example) is not recommended as a routine practice during mold cleanup. There may be instances, however, when professional judgment indicates their use (for example, when immune-compromised individuals are present).While many may automatically reach for the bleach, it’s important to know that bleach won’t do the trick. In fact, bleach will only discolor the mold at the surface. It won’t kill the mold, and it won’t affect anything except for the top level. If you want a DIY approach, then white vinegar is your best bet. Bleach is an extremely powerful cleaning agent that destroys almost all bacteria, mold and microorganisms – and all it takes is a tiny amount. Bleach has been used for thousands of years in different forms, and some die-hard fans say it’s the only substance that gets the job done. Bleach is 94-95% water. Many so-called experts recommend you use a solution of bleach and water to kill mold. They recommend a ratio of 1 part bleach to 10 parts water (roughly one cup of bleach to one gallon of water). So, let’s see if this makes sense. You take a product that is already 95% water, and then you mix it with 10 …Vinegar truly is better than bleach at killing mold. The EPA does not recommend using bleach to kill or remove mold, except in special circumstances. In most cases, “a background level of mold spores will remain” after the application of bleach. “Bleach only kills surface mold, not the membrane underneath,” …Health Effects. Vulnerable Groups. Bleach as a Mold Killer. How Bleach Kills Mold. The Pros and Cons. Using Borax to Kill Mold. How Borax Works. The Pros …Mold is not only unsightly, but it can pose real risks to both your health and your home. If you’ve spotted mold on any surface, getting rid of it will take a little time, patience, elbow grease, and, most importantly—a powerful and effective cleaner.. To find the best mold removers, we spent hours researching products, …To clean mold off concrete, you can use either a commercial mold-killing product or a diluted bleach solution made with 3 parts water to 1 part bleach. First, put on safety gear such as goggles, gloves, and a respirator to protect yourself from the mold and fumes. Then, apply the solution with a scrub brush and let it sit for a few minutes. Use Clorox® Plus Tilex® Mold & Mildew Remover as directed, and you’ll not only remove ugly stains, you’ll kill the mold and mildew that cause them. Use this no-scrubbing bleach cleaner to clean and disinfect tubs, shower doors, vinyl shower curtains, countertops, no-wax floors and sinks. Kills 99.9% of mold & mildew. Mold can be removed from hard surfaces with household products, soap and water, or a bleach solution of no more than 1 cup of household laundry bleach in 1 gallon of water. If You Use Bleach to Clean up Mold. Never mix bleach with ammonia or other household cleaners. Mixing bleach with ammonia or other cleaning …I recently used chlorine bleach to clean the siding on my house, and I was amazed at how well it worked! What is bleach? How does it remove stains? Is the chlorine in bleach the sa...Hydrogen peroxide also has microbicidal properties . This means that it can kill or slow the spread of bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and fungi, such as mold and mildew. With the correct concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the appropriate length of application, and some scrubbing, you can remove mold on hard surfaces around your home.Dec 7, 2023 · Mix Cleaning Solution. Chlorine bleach effectively kills mold. Buy a premixed solution or make your own by mixing one quart bleach, one gallon water, and 1⁄4 cup trisodium phosphate in a large container ( phosphate helps remove staining ). Spray Your Roof. Use a pump sprayer for maximum coverage and ease of application. Start by measuring the water, then use a measuring cup or measuring spoons to add the correct amount of bleach. You need the correct ratio of bleach and water to kill germs. Use the 1500 ppm solution for general disinfection of many organisms (such as MRSA, E. coli, Staph, Salmonella + SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, Rhinovirus, Rotavirus).Dilute the bleach in the ratio of 1 part bleach to 4 parts water. Put it in a spray bottle and spray the solution onto the door and into all areas the door may come into contact with, such as the seal and gasket. Let it sit for a few minutes, and then wipe it away with a cloth. If mold continues to be a problem, then using bleach in your ...There are a few different products that you can use for this step: Concrobium Mold Control. 2:1:1 ratio of baking soda, white vinegar, and water. 3% hydrogen peroxide. Contrary to popular belief, bleach is not always effective for killing mold. It can kill the surface spores but won’t do much to attack the roots.These bleach-containing products are often sold as a laundry additive or as an all-purpose cleaner. Sodium hypochlorite-based mold stain removers like Mold Solution’s MMR mold stain remover, fall in the category of products that choose not to file disinfectant claims, thus falling outside EPA requirements for pesticide registration.Mar 29, 2017 ... Molds have roots (hyphae) and bleach's ion structure stops chlorine from penetrating porous materials, therefore when you spray all the ... A commonly suggested solution for mold removal is bleach, a powerful cleaning agent. But does bleach effectively kill mold? The answer is yes, bleach can kill mold on non-porous surfaces; however, its effectiveness on porous surfaces like wood and drywall is limited. If bleach is too much, you can use alternatives like vinegar or hydrogen peroxide. How to remove stubborn mold from bathroom corners The tub corners are the hardest to reach and often have the ...Jan 18, 2024 · Unlike bleach, vinegar can effectively kill the mold at the root, making it less likely to return. Vinegar is also less toxic than bleach, making it a better choice for household use. It should be noted that vinegar cannot kill every type of mold, according to a study from 2015 . Mold is not only unsightly, but it can pose real risks to both your health and your home. If you’ve spotted mold on any surface, getting rid of it will take a little time, patience, elbow grease, and, most importantly—a powerful and effective cleaner.. To find the best mold removers, we spent hours researching products, …Chlorine Bleach Mold Removal. A traditional chlorine bleach solution is convenient for dealing with mold on your shower grout. Chlorine bleach is an industrial-strength cleaner to obliterate mold spores, and it gives you the peace of mind that your shower looks good and is sanitary.Apply the bleach solution: Using a sponge or cloth, apply the bleach solution to the mold-infested surface. Make sure to thoroughly wet the area, ensuring the solution reaches into any cracks or crevices where mold may be hiding. Let it sit: Allow the bleach solution to sit on the surface for 10 to 15 minutes, giving it enough time to kill the ...Bleach and vinegar can both kill mold, but vinegar is much more effective for removing mold from porous materials. This is because bleach only kills mold spores on the surface of affected materials. Vinegar will penetrate porous materials and kill the mold at the roots. If you use bleach to remove mold growth, there is a good chance that the ...Vinegar can kill mold by itself, though. It might not do as good of a job as bleach, but it’ll be good to use since it’s inexpensive. As usual, you spray the moldy areas with vinegar spray and then scrub everything down. Use a brush or a metal scouring brush depending on what type of surface you’re working with.Plants don’t like bleach, and wetting them with plain water first protects them. Stop Roof Algae from Coming Back To keep the algae from coming back, insert 6-inch-wide strips of zinc or copper under the row of shingling closest to the roof peak, leaving an inch or two of the lower edge exposed to the weather.Bleach is one of the readily available items that can introduce a new perspective in your roof shingles cleaning routine. When correctly in the right amount, bleach can efficiently destroy the algae, bacteria, mold, mildew, moss, fungus and other organic organisms growing on the roof. The reason many homeowners and …Use Kilz primers after removing mold and mildew using a solution of bleach and water or a mold-killing cleaner and allowing the surface to dry. Painting over mold or mildew without...Bleach; Composition: Nitrogen and hydrogen: Sodium Hypochlorite or sodium percarbonate (oxygen bleach) Uses: Fertilizer, window/glass cleaner, hard water remover, kitchen, and oven cleaner: Sanitizer/disinfectant, whitener, stain remover, mildew, and mold remover: Safety: Corrosive to skin, eyes, and lungs. Excessive exposure is life …For shoes, you’ll want to create a mixture of OxiClean and water. 1/2 scoop of OxiClean per gallon of hot (not boiled) water. First, brush off any loose mold spores. Preferably outside. Then apply the OxiClean solution directly to the moldy areas and leave for 10-15 minutes. Lastly, blot the area with warm water.Another out-of-sight spot for mold to grow is on the clothes in your closet — particularly if you have a tightly packed closet with poor air circulation. Mold grows best …Bleach is a chemical that can kill mold on hard, nonporous surfaces. However, take precautions when cleaning with bleach. Mold prefers to grow in damp, …After an hour, scrub and rinse the surface before drying it up. Ensure the room has enough ventilation and you have put on protective gear such as a mask, goggles and gloves. The bleach to water ratio for mold is 1:9 from the procedure above. Basically, the bleach concentration to kill mold is 10%.Use Clorox® Plus Tilex® Mold & Mildew Remover as directed, and you’ll not only remove ugly stains, you’ll kill the mold and mildew that cause them. Use this no-scrubbing bleach cleaner to clean and disinfect tubs, shower doors, vinyl shower curtains, countertops, no-wax floors and sinks. Kills 99.9% of mold & mildew.Vinegar is much better at killing mold in comparison to bleach. White distilled vinegar is able to kill over 80 percent of mold species found in the home, effectively getting rid of them without any issue. Due to the fact that it is a mild acid, it is very effective when it comes to killing mold. To properly kill mold using the vinegar you must;How to use bleach to remove mold? To remove mold with bleach, mix one cup of bleach with one gallon of water, apply the solution onto the affected area, and let it sit for about 15 minutes. Scrub the area with a brush, rinse with water, and dry thoroughly to prevent mold regrowth. Keep in mind that using bleach can …Yes, bleach does technically kill mold, but it doesn’t kill it entirely, and it tends to cause more harm than good. Many people are fooled into thinking that bleach …Both vinegar and bleach are practical and powerful to kill mold growth around the house. However, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Vinegar is a safer choice than bleach. Vinegar: It is a natural and non-toxic remedy that will penetrate deep inside the mold areas and prevent their growth. It contains about 5-20% of …Bleach and vinegar can both kill mold, but vinegar is much more effective for removing mold from porous materials. This is because bleach only kills mold spores on the surface of affected materials. Vinegar will penetrate porous materials and kill the mold at the roots. If you use bleach to remove mold growth, there is a good chance that the ...Vinegar must have an acetic acid level of 4.0%−4.2% or higher to kill mold or mildew. Distilled white vinegar in the condiment aisle contains around 5% acetic acid and 95% water. Cleaning vinegar contains about 6% acetic acid. While vinegar will kill the mold, it is slow acting, and the discoloration and stains from …If the mildew is very bad, consider doing a Clorox® Disinfecting Bleach soak: use ¼ cup Clorox ® Disinfecting Bleach per gallon of cool water; soak 5 minutes, then wash in hot water with detergent + ⅓ cup Clorox ® Disinfecting Bleach. If the mold/mildew is heavy, you may need to repeat treatment for complete stain removal.The bleach mixture will kill the surface mold and help remove the stain color from your walls. Make sure to wear a respirator and rubber gloves when using bleach as the fumes are toxic and bad for your skin. Rinse the area with a wet rag to remove the bleach and allow the area to dry 100%.The use of a biocide or a chemical that kills organisms such as mold (chlorine bleach, for example) is not recommended as a routine practice during mold cleanup. There may be instances, however, when professional judgment indicates their use (for example, when immune-compromised individuals are present).So in terms of crawl spaces, yes you might kill the surface mold by applying bleach, but that water will soak into the wood and can actually feed the mold that ...Apr 5, 2023 ... In this video your will find out how to safely use white vinegar to remove mold from your home. Mold is a common problem in many homes, ... Bleach, soap– or any other product—cannot effectively clean up mold if you do not remove the mud and dirt first. If the inside of your home has only a little mold and minor water damage you may not need to use bleach. Remove all moldy, water-damaged items from inside your home. Pour a cup of bleach into the toilet tank and let it sit for 20 to 30 minutes. The ratio of bleach to water will depend on the size of your tank. Check the bleach for instructions. I usually go with a cup for every gallon. Next, scrub the toilet tank (you can also do this in the bowl; bleach can help kill off the toilet mold).Wet Surfaces and Apply Solution. Wet the moldy surfaces with plain water using a garden hose or by hand, then apply the bleach and water solution. Allow it to sit on the surface for 15 …Feb 27, 2024 ... In mold remediation, the bleach in the cleaning mixture kills the mold. The detergent helps lift it off the surface so you can rinse it away and ...Use Kilz primers after removing mold and mildew using a solution of bleach and water or a mold-killing cleaner and allowing the surface to dry. Painting over mold or mildew without...Cons. Best of the Best. Concrobium. Mold Control. Check Price. Best for Everyday Use. This bleach-free product is powerful in its cleaning capacity; great for those working with little ventilation, according to our cleaning expert. Bleach-free formula does not contain harsh chemicals. Odorless and safe to use indoors.These bleach-containing products are often sold as a laundry additive or as an all-purpose cleaner. Sodium hypochlorite-based mold stain removers like Mold Solution’s MMR mold stain remover, fall in the category of products that choose not to file disinfectant claims, thus falling outside EPA requirements for pesticide registration.Let the solution sit for 15 minutes and wipe dry. Disinfect porous materials: Scrub porous surfaces such as wood and fabric with just the 3% hydrogen peroxide** (no additional water). Let the solution sit for 15 minutes and rinse clean. Leave non-porous materials to dry over several days and monitor for mold growth and odors.Kill mold with bleach by mixing 1 cup of bleach with 1 gallon of water and spraying the mixture to the surface with mold. After an hour, scrub and rinse the surface …Bleach; Composition: Nitrogen and hydrogen: Sodium Hypochlorite or sodium percarbonate (oxygen bleach) Uses: Fertilizer, window/glass cleaner, hard water remover, kitchen, and oven cleaner: Sanitizer/disinfectant, whitener, stain remover, mildew, and mold remover: Safety: Corrosive to skin, eyes, and lungs. Excessive exposure is life …Yes, bleach does technically kill mold, but it doesn’t kill it entirely, and it tends to cause more harm than good. Many people are fooled into thinking that bleach …
Feb 28, 2020 · Vinegar truly is better than bleach at killing mold. The EPA does not recommend using bleach to kill or remove mold, except in special circumstances. In most cases, “a background level of mold spores will remain” after the application of bleach. “Bleach only kills surface mold, not the membrane underneath,” according to ServiceMaster. . Disneyland haunted mansion
Irritation and Burns: Bleach is a strong corrosive substance. It can cause irritation, redness, and burns on the skin, especially if the skin is exposed for a ... Mold and Mildew Stain remover is a liquid bleach-powered professional grade cleaner formulated to remove the toughest stains caused by mold, mildew, dirt, grime, soap scum and other soils. This versatile, ready to use formula is ideal for many indoor and outdoor cleaning applications. Walmart sells washing soda for $5.38 if you don't have some at home. You'll need to combine ⅓ cup of all-purpose laundry detergent, 12 cups of warm water, 4 cups of bleach, and ½ to ⅔ cup of washing soda. Before applying the solution to your home's exterior, cover your plants with a plastic sheet to prevent getting bleach on them.Mar 30, 2023 · Mixing the two in a spray bottle is the easiest way to kill mold spores. What’s more, cleaning with vinegar is also ideal for getting rid of bathroom ceiling mold and cleaning glass shower doors for a streak-free shine, making the solution perfect for an all-around clean. ‘Leave the solution to sit on the moldy areas for around 30 minutes ... Let the detergent or bleach solution soak in for a while to ensure that all the mold is killed. After scrubbing, rinse with a power washer to get all the solid organic matter out of the concrete. Sprucing Up Your Concrete. Once you've tackled the mold you can add color or an overlay to completely transform your concrete!Feb 27, 2024 ... In mold remediation, the bleach in the cleaning mixture kills the mold. The detergent helps lift it off the surface so you can rinse it away and ...In contrast, bleach is generally considered less effective when killing mold, but it is also less toxic than ammonia. Ultimately, the best approach for eliminating mold depends on your individual needs and preferences, but both ammonia and bleach have their strengths and weaknesses when fighting mold on surfaces like glass or wood.The short answer to ‘does bleach kill mould?’ is, yes, but it’s a bit more complicated than a yes or no answer. Bleach is great for cleaning mould on non-porous surfaces such as tiles and sinks. However, bleach can’t kill mould on porous surfaces, such as those made of wood. For alternatives to cleaning mould …Mix: Mix your solution together thoroughly until the oxygen bleach has dissolved. Apply: Use a cloth or sponge to apply the solution directly to the mold. Wait: Wait between 10 and 15 minutes for the solution to soak in and attack the mold. Blot: Blot the area with warm water, rinsing away the oxygen bleach solution.Jul 28, 2014 · 7. Tea Tree Oil. This bleach alternative, otherwise known as melaleuca oil, is a natural essential oil with a wide variety of uses. It has been used in cosmetics to treat acne, infection and dandruff. As a bleach alternative, tea tree oil is a great-smelling way to disinfect and clean virtually any area of your home. Mold exposure can contribute to health issues. If you have a mold allergy or chronic lung condition, you’re at risk of more severe symptoms and complications.Mold can be removed from hard surfaces with household products, soap and water, or a bleach solution of no more than 1 cup of household laundry bleach in 1 gallon of water. If You Use Bleach to Clean up Mold. Never mix bleach with ammonia or other household cleaners. Mixing bleach with ammonia or other cleaning …Plants don’t like bleach, and wetting them with plain water first protects them. Stop Roof Algae from Coming Back To keep the algae from coming back, insert 6-inch-wide strips of zinc or copper under the row of shingling closest to the roof peak, leaving an inch or two of the lower edge exposed to the weather.Sep 26, 2023 · Mold Cleanup. Who should do the cleanup depends on a number of factors. One consideration is the size of the mold problem. If the moldy area is less than about 10 square feet (less than roughly a 3 ft. by 3 ft. patch), in most cases, you can handle the job yourself, follow the Mold Cleanup Tips and Techniques. Why Using Bleach for Mold Removal is Discouraged. Bleach evaporates quickly. In fact, bleach evaporates so quickly that it is not effective on natural, porous materials as part of a mold remediation plan. In simple terms, the bleach evaporates before it can absorb into the pores of the materials.Let the detergent or bleach solution soak in for a while to ensure that all the mold is killed. After scrubbing, rinse with a power washer to get all the solid organic matter out of the concrete. Sprucing Up Your Concrete. Once you've tackled the mold you can add color or an overlay to completely transform your concrete!.